Technological Advancements and Its Impact on Human Intellectual Research Paper

Technological Advancements and Its Impact on Human Intellectual Development - Research Paper Example The intention is to prove that modern advances in technology affect the development of the human brain, especially children, whose brain development still ongoing. With this acknowledged, the next thing is to ascertain the impact of these changes. The question is to what extent does technology affect development, and does this effect make the person a better human being or more intellectual one than those whose intellectual development is not influenced by technology? On one part, technology is good, but on the other, not being so cultured does not necessarily mean that intellectual development is impaired. The best way to prove this argument is to contrast the development of children who are exposed to technological changes such as in urban areas, against children of the same age not as much exposed to technology, most likely in the rural areas (Society for Research in Child Development 2009). It has been indicated in various studies that the reason some people from certain regions and cultures do well or poorly in intellectual quotient tests is not because they are very capable or intellectually challenged, but because the tests do not reflect how their minds have been developed and hence, the subjects cannot identify with the challenges posed there in. The only predisposition towards the topic is concurrence with Michael Baylor (quoted in Patoine, 2008), the world knows too little about the effects of technology on human intellectual development than is necessary, hence the need for the study. On one part, changes in intellectual development caused by technological advancements work to better the affected and make them adjust faster to their environment, enabling them to survive in the new environment. On the other part, such changes do not make the affected better individual as compared to non affected persons. The paper will follow four basic planning steps namely: choosing of the topic which is

Argue that Austen's novel is a reflection of its revolutionary age Essay

Argue that Austen's novel is a reflection of its revolutionary age - Essay Example Sandwiched between her older sister Elizabeth who stands in for her mother in her widowed father’s esteem and affection and her younger sister Mary who has made and advantageous and fruitful marriage to a young man due to inherit his own landed estate, Anne’s curious social position allows her a possibility of social mobility that echoes the social shifts taking place across Europe. As a woman, Anne’s social position would be inherently precarious, dependent on her father first and then on the man she married. The undefined nature of an unmarried woman’s social standing gave young women a certain social mobility that was universally acknowledged. A young woman could marry her way into improved social standing – as Austen’s two Miss Bennets do with their marriages to Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy in Pride and Prejudice – or, as Lady Russell warns Anne Elliot in Persuasion, a bad marriage could plunge a poor young woman â€Å"into a state o f most wearing, anxious, youth-killing dependance.† (1158) As a member of the early-nineteenth century aristocracy, Anne is a member of a landed gentry that makes dubious claims about the inherent nobility of birth. For every prudent, thoughtful aristocrat like Emma’s Mr. Knightley, there is an equal an opposite aristocrat in the style of Anne’s father. Sir Walter takes inordinate pride in his ownership of Kellynch Hall and his storied family tree, but he himself has frittered away his family fortune to the point that he must lease his ancestral home in order to maintain his lifestyle. Tellingly, Sir Walter’s lessee is no landed gentleman or wealthy second son of a gentleman but a professional man, an admiral in the British navy, who can afford the rent and upkeep of the estate. Perhaps most interestingly, as a rational person, Anne is willing to be persuaded, as the novel’s title suggests. Though she has a healthy appreciation for tradition, Anne a ppreciates – and responds to – plain good

Impact of Internet Usage on Academic Performance of the Student Essay Example for Free

Impact of Internet Usage on Academic Performance of the Student Essay Correlation and regression techniques were used to find out the strength and direction of the relationship. Findings – Internet is one of the beneficial tools in this era of IT world not only for business but for academic point of view and enhances the skills and capabilities of students which assist them in studies and in professional life. Student with high CGPA use more internet for their studies and gain more knowledge and information across the world. Research limitations/implications – The self-report criteria are a limitation. Future research should employ more objective measures of internet use. Also, antecedents of internet use might be explored in other developing economies. I have chosen limited universities and disciplines from a single city Lahore. Practical implications – To encourage internet usage intentions, it appears worthwhile to create in potential users a sense that the technology is useful, easy to use, and that others have expectations regarding its usage. Keywords: Information Technology (IT), Internet, Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) Introduction Throughout the world, information and communications technologies (ICTs) are changing the face of education. It has been argued that the transformation of education may be the most important of the many practical revolutions sparked by computer technology. Just as computers are about to replace books (some would argue this has already happened) as our main source of information globally, computers will come to occupy the central position in education once occupied by books. The Internet was initially developed by the US Defense Department and was at one time only popular within the research community. Its ability to share information across organizations and to interact with people at low cost has gradually enticed other sectors to explore its use. Today, the Internet has an impact on every facet of our life including business operation, education, communication, entertainment, social activity, shopping, and so on. Many universities around the world are expanding their investment in information technology (IT), and specifically the Internet, and are actively promoting Internet use. From a student’s perspective, learning using online tools is multidimensional. It may entail a multitude of variables such as prior student knowledge of IT, experience in its usage, perceptions of IT usage, computer competencies, and background demographics. The Internet is one of the greatest recent advancement in the world of information technology and has become a useful instrument that has fostered the process of making the world a global village. The Internet provides several opportunities for the academia. It is a mechanism for information dissemination and a medium for collaborative interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic limitation of space. The word Internet is derived from two words: â€Å"international† and â€Å"network†. The Internet therefore can be defined as an international computer network of information available to the public through modem links so internet is a worldwide system of linked computers networks. The Internet is the world’s largest and most widely used network. It is an international network of networks that is a collection of hundreds of thousands of private and public networks all over the world. There are rich and varied learning experiences available on the Internet that would have been inconceivable just a short while ago. The Internet has a range of capabilities that organizations are using to exchange information internally or to communicate externally with other organizations. The primary infrastructure for e-commerce, e-banking, e-business, e-learning and virtual library is provided by the Internet technology. The Internet provides several opportunities for all academia, business organizations, the employed and the unemployed, the young and the old. The Internet is a ‘live’ constantly ‘moving’, theoretically borderless, potentially infinite space for the production and circulation of information. The Internet might thus be described as a ‘sea of information’, containing texts which are not housed between library and bookshop walls and subject areas span across all fields of knowledge. The Internet can be used for other things besides email. One can listen to international radio station on research and education on the Internet, read national dailies of other countries, speaks to friends around the global, read books and other materials on the Internet. The list of things that can be done on the Internet is a very long one. The Internet contains more information than the world’s largest libraries with access to the Internet one can retrieve information from the world’s largest information database. Objectives of study A study of different disciplines was conducted to identify the intensity of internet usage by student who belongs to different disciples. The purpose of my studies is to evaluate weather is their any relationship between the usage of internet and students academics performance. To better understand the relationship how the Internet affects university students learning, the following questions should be answered. What are the benefits of using the Internet as part of a university education? What are the main factors affecting such use? What is the impact of such use on student learning? What does it take to encourage positive attitudes in students toward Internet use? This study tries to answer these questions by exploring the antecedents to, and the impacts of, Internet use in university education. The specific objectives were to: †¢Identify attitude of students toward IT. †¢ Determine the purpose of internet usage for students. †¢Find out the intensity of internet usage by students. Evaluate that whether the use of internet improve the academic performance of students or not. Significance of study This study could be beneficial for student as well as for institutions. The valuable feedback from 500 students should help student to realize the benefits of internet in their education. Institutes can invest more in internet facilities to enhance the performance of their students and produce better results. Based on Pakistan’s experience, international readers may take advantage from this study work. Literature review Advancement in technology brings major impacts on education.

Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS)   TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY TLS is a successor to Secure Sockets Layer protocol. TLS provides secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, Internet faxing, and other data transfers. There are slight differences between SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0, but the protocol remains significantly the same. It is good idea to keep in mind that TLS resides on the Application Layer of the OSI model. This will save you a lot of frustrations while debugging and troubleshooting encryption troubles connected to TLS.   TLS Features TLS is a generic application layer security protocol that runs over reliable transport. It provides a secure channel to application protocol clients. This channel has three primary security features: Authentication of the server. Confidentiality of the communication channel. Message integrity of the communication channel. Optionally TLS can also provide authentication of the client. In general, TLS authentication uses public key based digital signatures backed by certificates. Thus, the server authenticates either by decrypting a secret encrypted under his public key or by signing an ephemeral public key. The client authenticates by signing a random challenge. Server certificates typically contain the servers domain name. Client certificates can contain arbitrary identities.   The Handshake Protocols The TLS Handshake Protocol allows the server and client to authenticate each other and to negotiate an encryption algorithm and cryptographic keys before data is exchanged. In a typical scenario, only the server is authenticated and its identity is ensured while the client remains unauthenticated. The mutual authentication of the servers requires public key deployment to clients. Provide security parameters to the record layer. A Client sends a ClientHello message specifying the highest TLS protocol version it supports, a random number, a list of suggested cipher suites and compression methods. The Server responds with a ServerHello, containing the chosen protocol version, a random number, cipher, and compression method from the choices offered by the client. The Server sends its Certificate (depending on the selected cipher, this may be omitted by the Server). The server may request a certificate from the client, so that the connection can be mutually authenticated, using a Certificate Request. The Server sends a ServerHelloDone message, indicating it is done with handshake negotiation. The Client responds with a ClientKeyExchange which may contain a PreMasterSecret, public key, or nothing. (Again, this depends on the selected cipher). The Handshake protocol provides a number of security functions. Such as Authentication, Encryption, Hash Algorithms  · Authentication A certificate is a digital form of identification that is usually issued by a certification authority (CA) and contains identification information, a validity period, a public key, a serial number, and the digital signature of the issuer. For authentication purposes, the Handshake Protocol uses an X.509 certificate to provide strong evidence to a second party that helps prove the identity of the party that holds the certificate and the corresponding private key.  · Encryption There are two main types of encryption: symmetric key (also known as Private Key) and asymmetric key (also known as public key. TLS/SSL uses symmetric key for bulk encryption and public key for authentication and key exchange.  · Hash Algorithms A hash is a one-way mapping of values to a smaller set of representative values, so that the size of the resulting hash is smaller than the original message and the hash is unique to the original data. A hash is similar to a fingerprint: a fingerprint is unique to the individual and is much smaller than the original person. Hashing is used to establish data integrity during transport. Two common hash algorithms are Message Digest5 (MD5) produce 128-bit hash value and Standard Hash Algorithm1 (SHA-1) produce 160-bit value.   The Change Cipher Spec The Change Cipher Spec Protocol signals a transition of the cipher suite to be used on the connection between the client and server. This protocol is composed of a single message which is encrypted and compressed with the current cipher suite. This message consists of a single byte with the value1. Message after this will be encrypted and compressed using the new cipher suite.   The Alert The Alert Protocol includes event-driven alert messages that can be sent from either party. the session is either ended or the recipient is given the choice of whether or not to end the session. Schannel SSP will only generate these alert messages at the request of the application.   The Record Layer/Protocol The TLS record protocol is a simple framing layer with record format as shown below: struct { ContentType type; ProtocolVersion version; uint16 length; opaque payload[length]; } TLSRecord; As with TLS, data is carried in records. In both protocols, records can only be processed when the entire record is available. The Record Layer might have four functions: It fragments the data coming from the application into manageable blocks (and reassemble incoming data to pass up to the application). Schannel SSP does not support fragmentation at the Record Layer. It compresses the data and decompresses incoming data. Schannel SSP does not support compression at the Record Layer. It applies a Message Authentication Code (MAC), or hash/digest, to the data and uses the MAC to verify incoming data. It encrypts the hashed data and decrypts incoming data.   Application Protocol TLS runs on application protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NNTP, and XMPP and above a reliable transport protocol, TCP for example. While it can add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections (such as TCP), it is most commonly used with HTTP to form HTTPS. HTTPS is used to secure World Wide Web pages for applications such as electronic commerce and asset management. These applications use public key certificates to verify the identity of endpoints.   TSL/ SSL Security The client may use the CAs public key to validate the CAs digital signature on the server certificate. If the digital signature can be verified, the client accepts the server certificate as a valid certificate issued by a trusted CA. The client verifies that the issuing Certificate Authority (CA) is on its list of trusted Cas. The client checks the servers certificate validity period. The authentication process stops if the current date and time fall outside of the validity period.   IPSec IPSec acts at the network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets between participating IPSec devices (peers), such as PIX Firewalls, Cisco routers, Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators, Cisco VPN Clients, and other IPSec-compliant products. IPSec is not bound to any specific encryption or authentication algorithms, keying technology, or security algorithms. IPSec is a framework of open standards. Because it isnt bound to specific algorithms, IPSec allows newer and better algorithms to be implemented without patching the existing IPSec standards. IPSec provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication between participating peers at the IP layer. IPSec is used to secure a path between a pair of gateways, a pair of hosts, or a gateway and a host. Some of the standard algorithms are as follows: Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm—Used to encrypt and decrypt packet data. 3DES algorithm—effectively doubles encryption strength over 56-bit DES. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)—a newer cipher algorithm designed to replace DES. Has a variable key length between 128 and 256 bits. Cisco is the first industry vendor to implement AES on all its VPN-capable platforms. Message Digest 5 (MD5) algorithm—Used to authenticate packet data. Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1)—Used to authenticate packet data. Diffie-Hellman (DH)—a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret key used by encryption and hash algorithms (for example, DES and MD5) over an insecure communications channel. IPSec security services provide four critical functions: Confidentiality (encryption)—the sender can encrypt the packets before transmitting them across a network. By doing so, no one can eavesdrop on the communication. If intercepted, the communications cannot be read. Data integrity—the receiver can verify that the data was transmitted through the Internet without being changed or altered in any way. Origin authentication—the receiver can authenticate the packets source, guaranteeing and certifying the source of the information. Anti-replay protection—Anti-replay protection verifies that each packet is unique, not duplicated. IPSec packets are protected by comparing the sequence number of the received packets and a sliding window on the destination host, or security gateway. Late and duplicate packets are dropped. v How IPSec works The goal of IPSec is to protect the desired data with the needed security services. IPSecs operation can be broken into five primary steps: Define interesting traffic—Traffic is deemed interesting when the VPN device recognizes that the traffic you want to send needs to be protected. IKE Phase 1—This basic set of security services protects all subsequent communications between the peers. IKE Phase 1 sets up a secure communications channel between peers. IKE Phase 2—IKE negotiates IPSec security association (SA) parameters and sets up matching IPSec SAs in the peers. These security parameters are used to protect data and messages exchanged between endpoints. Data transfer—Data is transferred between IPSec peers based on the IPSec parameters and keys stored in the SA database. IPSec tunnel termination—IPSec SAs terminate through deletion or by timing out. TASK 1(b) IPSecs advantage over TLS: It has more plasticity on choosing the Authentication mechanisms (like the Pre Shared Key), and therefore makes it hard for the attacker to do man in the middle.TLS is based only on Public key and with tools, its possible to do man in the Middle breaking TLS. Going one step down the OSI stack, IP Security (IPSec) guarantees the data privacy and integrity of IP packets, regardless of how the application used the sockets. This means any application, as long as it uses IP to send data, will benefit from the underlying secure IP network. Nothing has to be rewritten or modified; it even is possible that users wont be aware their data is being processed through encrypting devices. This solution is the most transparent one for end users and the one most likely to be adopted in the future in the widest range of situations. The main drawback of IPSsec lies in its intrinsic infrastructural complexity, which demands several components to work properly. IPSec deployment must be planned and carri ed out by network administrators, and it is less likely to be adopted directly by end users. TLSs advantage over IPSec: The advantage of TLS over generic application-level security mechanisms is the application no longer has the burden of encrypting user data. Using a special socket and API, the communication is secured. The problem with TLS is an application wishing to exploit its functionality must be written explicitly in order to do so (see Resources). Existing applications, which constitute the majority of data producers on the Internet, cannot take advantage of the encryption facilities provided by TLS without being rewritten. Think of the common applications we use everyday: mail clients, web browsers on sites without HTTPS, IRC channels, peer-to-peer file sharing systems and so on. Also, most network services (such as mail relays, DNS servers, routing protocols) currently run over plain sockets, exchanging vital information as clear text and only seldomly adopting application-level counter-measures (mostly integrity checks, such as MD5 sums).   IGMP IGMP is a protocol used by IP hosts, and adjacent multicast network devices to identify their memberships. If they are part of the same multicast group they communicate with each other. ICMP communicates 1 to 1.IGMP communicates 1 to many.   Establish Multicast group We describe a distributed architecture for managing multicast addresses in the global Internet. A multicast address space partitioning scheme is proposed, based on the Unicast host address and a per-host address management entity. By noting that port numbers are an integral part of end-to-end multicast addressing we present a single, unified solution to the two problems of dynamic multicast address management and port resolution. We then present a framework for the evaluation of multicast address management schemes, and use it to compare our design with three approaches, as well as a random allocation strategy. The criteria used for the evaluation are blocking probability and consistency, address acquisition delay, the load on address management entities, robustness against failures, and processing and communications overhead. With the distributed scheme the probability of blocking for address acquisition is reduced by several orders of magnitude, to insignificant levels, while consi stency is maintained. At the same time, the address acquisition delay is reduced to a minimum by serving the request within the host itself. It is also shown that the scheme generates much less control traffic, is more robust against failures, and puts much less load on address management entities as compared with the other three schemes. The random allocation strategy is shown to be attractive primarily due to its simplicity, although it does have several drawbacks stemming from its lack of consistency (addresses may be allocated more than once) The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool is used to enable routing on a Windows 2000 server that is multihomed (has more than one network card). Windows 2000 professional cannot be a router. The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool or the route command line utility can be used to con a static router and add a routing table. A routing table is required for static routing. Dynamic routing does not require a routing table since the table is built by software. Dynamic routing does require additional protocols to be installed on the computer. When using the Routing and Remote Access tool, the following information is entered: Interface Specify the network card that the route applies to which is where the packets will come from. Destination Specify the network address that the packets are going to such as 192.168.1.0. Network Mask The subnet mask of the destination network. Gateway The IP address of the network card on the network that is cond to forward the packets such as 192.168.1.1. Metric The number of routers that packets must pass through to reach the intended network. If there are more than 1, the Gateway address will not match the network address of the destination network.   Dynamic Routing Windows 2000 Server supports Network Address Translation (NAT) and DHCP relay agent. Three Windows 2000 supported Dynamic routing protocols are: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 for IP Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version 2 with router or proxy support. The Routing and Remote Access tool is used to install, con, and monitor these protocols and routing functions. After any of these dynamic routing protocols are installed, they must be cond to use one or more routing interfaces.   Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM): This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occasionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group.   The Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) architecture: maintains the traditional IP multicast service model of receiver-initiated membership; can be cond to adapt to different multicast group and network characteristics; is not dependent on a specific unicast routing protocol; uses soft-state mechanisms to adapt to underlying network conditions and group dynamics. The robustness, flexibility, and scaling properties of this architecture make it well suited to large heterogeneous inter-networks. This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occas ionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group. A user of an internet- connected pc, Adam; send an email message to another internet connected pc user beryl. 1. Outlinethe function of four internet host that would normally be involved be involved in this task. . : 1. Adams Computer : :2. Server of Adams Internet Service Provider : : 3. Server of Beryls Internet Service Provider: :4. Beryls Computer : . This program allows you to build and deal with a large mailing list, and to create modified messages from predefined templates while sending. It lets you define multiple independent SMTP server connections and will utilize the latest in multithreading technology, to send emails to you as fast as it is possible. You can use all the standard message formats like plain text, HTML or even create a rich content message in the Microsoft Outlook Express and export it into the program. The interface of the program is very simple and easy to learn nearly all functions can be performed using hotkeys on the keyboard. E-mail is a growing source of an enterprises records and needs to be treated as any written memo, letter or report has been treated. The information in e-mail has the potential to add to the enterprises knowledge assets, from interactions with the users or customers in the enterprise to interactions with colleagues overseas. 2. List the internet protocol which would be used in this task. Internet Protocol (IP) is packet-based protocol that allows dissimilar hosts to connect to each other for the purpose of delivering data across the resulting networks. Applications combine IP with a higher- level protocol called Transport Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. IP by itself is something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but theres no direct link between you and the recipient. . : 1. HTTP : :2. IMAP(Version 4): : 3.SMTP : :4.POP (Version 3) : .   HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP/1.0, as defined by RFC 1945 [6], improved the protocol by allowing messages to be in the format of MIME-like messages, containing meta information about the data transferred and modifiers on the request/response semantics.   IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) A mail protocol that provides management of received messages on a remote server. The user can review headers, create or delete folders/mailboxes and messages, and search contents remotely without downloading. It includes more functions than the similar POP protocol.   POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check your mail-box on the server and download any mail, probably using POP3. This standard protocol is built into most popular e-mail products, such as Eudora and Outlook Express. Its also built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers. POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it. However, some implementations allow users or an administrator to specify that mail be saved for some period of time. POP can be thought of as a store-and-forward service.   SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server. In other words, users typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail. On Unix-based systems, send mail is the most widely-used SMTP server for e-mail. A commercial package, Send mail, includes a POP3 server. Microsoft Exchange includes an SMTP server and can also be set up to include POP3 support. SMTP usually is implemented to operate over Internet port 25. An alternative to SMTP that is widely used in Europe is X.400. Many mail servers now support Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP), which allows multimedia files to be delivered as e-mail. 3. Taking the case that the message include the text please find attached abstract and 1. as well as in MS-Word format and an attachment in jpeg, list format of the send mail messages. .. : 1. MIME : ..   MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the original Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange different kinds of data files on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds, as well as the ASCII text handled in the original protocol, the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). In 1991, Nathan Borenstein of Bellcore proposed to the IETF that SMTP be extended so that Internet (but mainly Web) clients and servers could recognize and handle other kinds of data than ASCII text. As a result, new file types were added to mail as a supported Internet Protocol file type. Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use this header to select an appropriate player application for the type of data the header indicates. Some of these players are built into the Web client or browser (for example, all browsers come with GIF and JPEG image players as well as the ability to handle HTML files). 4. How would received message differ the sent messages? The email address that receives messages sent from users who click  ¿Ã‚ ½reply ¿Ã‚ ½ in their email clients. Can differ from the  ¿Ã‚ ½from ¿Ã‚ ½address which can be an automated or unmonitored email address used only to send messages to a distribution list.  ¿Ã‚ ½Reply-to ¿Ã‚ ½ should always be a monitored address.   IPv4: Internet Protocol (Version 4) The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol in the OSI model that contains addressing information and some control information to enable packets being routed in network. IP is the primary network-layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Along with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), IP represents the heart of the Internet protocols. IP is equally well suited for both LAN and WAN communications. IP (Internet Protocol) has two primary responsibilities: providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of datagrams through a network; and providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to support data links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU) sizes. The IP addressing scheme is integral to the process of routing IP datagrams through an internetwork. Each IP address has specific components and follows a basic format. These IP addresses can be subdivided and used to create addresses for sub networks. Each computer (known as host) on a TCP/IP network is assigned a unique logical address (32-bit in IPv4) that is divided into two main parts: the network number and the host number. The network number identifies a network and must be assigned by the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) if the network is to be part of the Internet. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) can obtain blocks of network addresses from the InterNIC and can itself assign address space as nece ssary. The host number identifies a host on a network and is assigned by the local network administrator.   IPv6 (IPng): Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 is the new version of Internet Protocol (IP) based on IPv4, a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing information and some control information enabling packets to be routed in the network. There are two basic IP versions: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 is also called next generation IP or IPng. IPv4 and IPv6 are de-multiplexed at the media layer. For example, IPv6 packets are carried over Ethernet with the content type 86DD (hexadecimal) instead of IPv4s 0800. The IPv4 is described in separate documents. IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, to support more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of addresses. IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal format (base 16) which allows not only numerals (0-9) but a few characters as well (a-f). A sample ipv6 address looks like: 3ffe: ffff: 100:f101:210:a4ff:fee3:9566. Scalability of multicast addresses is introduced. A new type of address called an any cast address is also defined, to send a packet to any one of a group of nodes. Two major improvements in IPv6 vs. v4: * Improved support for extensions and options IPv6 options are placed in separate headers that are located between the IPv6 header and the transport layer header. Changes in the way IP header options are encoded to allow more efficient forwarding, less stringent limits on the length of options, and greater flexibility for introducing new options in the future.  · Flow labeling capability A new capability has been added to enable the labeling of packets belonging to particular traffic flows for which the sender requests special handling, such as non-default Quality of Service or real-time service.   Comparison between IPv6 with IPv4 Data structure of IPv6 has modified as follows: Header length field found in IPv4 is removed in IPv6. Type of Service field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Priority field in IPv6. Time to live field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Hop Limit in IPv6. Total Length field has been replaced with Payload Length field Protocol field has been replaced with Next Header field Source Address and Destination Address has been increased from 32-bits to 128-bits.   Major Similarities IPv6 with IPv4 Both protocols provide loopback addresses. IPv6 multicast achieves the same purpose that IPv4 broadcast does. Both allow the user to determine datagram size, and the maximum number of hops before termination. Both provide connectionless delivery service (datagrams routed independently). Both are best effort datagram delivery services.   Major Differences between IPv6 with IPv4 IPv6 host to IPv6 host routing via IPv4 network: Here, IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling is required to send a datagram. IPv6 packets are encapsulated within IPv4 packets, allowing travel over IPv4 routing infrastructures to reach an IPv6 host on the other side of the .IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel. The two different types of tunneling are automatic and cond. For a cond tunnel, the IPv6 to IPv4 mappings, at tunnel endpoints, have to be manually specified. Automatic tunneling eases tunneling, but nullifies the advantages of using the 128-bit address space. IPv6 host to IPv4 host and vice versa: The device that converts IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets (a dual IP stack/ dual stack router) allows a host to access both IPv4 and IPv6 resources for communication. A dual IP stack routes as well as converts between IPv4 and IPv6 datagrams ICMP: IPv6 enhances ICMP with ICMPv6. The messages are grouped as informational and error. An ICMPv6 message can contain much more information. The rules for message handling are stricter. ICMPv6 uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol. New messages have been added also. Absence of ARP RARP: Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS) Features of Transport Layer Security (TLS)   TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY TLS is a successor to Secure Sockets Layer protocol. TLS provides secure communications on the Internet for such things as e-mail, Internet faxing, and other data transfers. There are slight differences between SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0, but the protocol remains significantly the same. It is good idea to keep in mind that TLS resides on the Application Layer of the OSI model. This will save you a lot of frustrations while debugging and troubleshooting encryption troubles connected to TLS.   TLS Features TLS is a generic application layer security protocol that runs over reliable transport. It provides a secure channel to application protocol clients. This channel has three primary security features: Authentication of the server. Confidentiality of the communication channel. Message integrity of the communication channel. Optionally TLS can also provide authentication of the client. In general, TLS authentication uses public key based digital signatures backed by certificates. Thus, the server authenticates either by decrypting a secret encrypted under his public key or by signing an ephemeral public key. The client authenticates by signing a random challenge. Server certificates typically contain the servers domain name. Client certificates can contain arbitrary identities.   The Handshake Protocols The TLS Handshake Protocol allows the server and client to authenticate each other and to negotiate an encryption algorithm and cryptographic keys before data is exchanged. In a typical scenario, only the server is authenticated and its identity is ensured while the client remains unauthenticated. The mutual authentication of the servers requires public key deployment to clients. Provide security parameters to the record layer. A Client sends a ClientHello message specifying the highest TLS protocol version it supports, a random number, a list of suggested cipher suites and compression methods. The Server responds with a ServerHello, containing the chosen protocol version, a random number, cipher, and compression method from the choices offered by the client. The Server sends its Certificate (depending on the selected cipher, this may be omitted by the Server). The server may request a certificate from the client, so that the connection can be mutually authenticated, using a Certificate Request. The Server sends a ServerHelloDone message, indicating it is done with handshake negotiation. The Client responds with a ClientKeyExchange which may contain a PreMasterSecret, public key, or nothing. (Again, this depends on the selected cipher). The Handshake protocol provides a number of security functions. Such as Authentication, Encryption, Hash Algorithms  · Authentication A certificate is a digital form of identification that is usually issued by a certification authority (CA) and contains identification information, a validity period, a public key, a serial number, and the digital signature of the issuer. For authentication purposes, the Handshake Protocol uses an X.509 certificate to provide strong evidence to a second party that helps prove the identity of the party that holds the certificate and the corresponding private key.  · Encryption There are two main types of encryption: symmetric key (also known as Private Key) and asymmetric key (also known as public key. TLS/SSL uses symmetric key for bulk encryption and public key for authentication and key exchange.  · Hash Algorithms A hash is a one-way mapping of values to a smaller set of representative values, so that the size of the resulting hash is smaller than the original message and the hash is unique to the original data. A hash is similar to a fingerprint: a fingerprint is unique to the individual and is much smaller than the original person. Hashing is used to establish data integrity during transport. Two common hash algorithms are Message Digest5 (MD5) produce 128-bit hash value and Standard Hash Algorithm1 (SHA-1) produce 160-bit value.   The Change Cipher Spec The Change Cipher Spec Protocol signals a transition of the cipher suite to be used on the connection between the client and server. This protocol is composed of a single message which is encrypted and compressed with the current cipher suite. This message consists of a single byte with the value1. Message after this will be encrypted and compressed using the new cipher suite.   The Alert The Alert Protocol includes event-driven alert messages that can be sent from either party. the session is either ended or the recipient is given the choice of whether or not to end the session. Schannel SSP will only generate these alert messages at the request of the application.   The Record Layer/Protocol The TLS record protocol is a simple framing layer with record format as shown below: struct { ContentType type; ProtocolVersion version; uint16 length; opaque payload[length]; } TLSRecord; As with TLS, data is carried in records. In both protocols, records can only be processed when the entire record is available. The Record Layer might have four functions: It fragments the data coming from the application into manageable blocks (and reassemble incoming data to pass up to the application). Schannel SSP does not support fragmentation at the Record Layer. It compresses the data and decompresses incoming data. Schannel SSP does not support compression at the Record Layer. It applies a Message Authentication Code (MAC), or hash/digest, to the data and uses the MAC to verify incoming data. It encrypts the hashed data and decrypts incoming data.   Application Protocol TLS runs on application protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NNTP, and XMPP and above a reliable transport protocol, TCP for example. While it can add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections (such as TCP), it is most commonly used with HTTP to form HTTPS. HTTPS is used to secure World Wide Web pages for applications such as electronic commerce and asset management. These applications use public key certificates to verify the identity of endpoints.   TSL/ SSL Security The client may use the CAs public key to validate the CAs digital signature on the server certificate. If the digital signature can be verified, the client accepts the server certificate as a valid certificate issued by a trusted CA. The client verifies that the issuing Certificate Authority (CA) is on its list of trusted Cas. The client checks the servers certificate validity period. The authentication process stops if the current date and time fall outside of the validity period.   IPSec IPSec acts at the network layer, protecting and authenticating IP packets between participating IPSec devices (peers), such as PIX Firewalls, Cisco routers, Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators, Cisco VPN Clients, and other IPSec-compliant products. IPSec is not bound to any specific encryption or authentication algorithms, keying technology, or security algorithms. IPSec is a framework of open standards. Because it isnt bound to specific algorithms, IPSec allows newer and better algorithms to be implemented without patching the existing IPSec standards. IPSec provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and data origin authentication between participating peers at the IP layer. IPSec is used to secure a path between a pair of gateways, a pair of hosts, or a gateway and a host. Some of the standard algorithms are as follows: Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm—Used to encrypt and decrypt packet data. 3DES algorithm—effectively doubles encryption strength over 56-bit DES. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)—a newer cipher algorithm designed to replace DES. Has a variable key length between 128 and 256 bits. Cisco is the first industry vendor to implement AES on all its VPN-capable platforms. Message Digest 5 (MD5) algorithm—Used to authenticate packet data. Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1)—Used to authenticate packet data. Diffie-Hellman (DH)—a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret key used by encryption and hash algorithms (for example, DES and MD5) over an insecure communications channel. IPSec security services provide four critical functions: Confidentiality (encryption)—the sender can encrypt the packets before transmitting them across a network. By doing so, no one can eavesdrop on the communication. If intercepted, the communications cannot be read. Data integrity—the receiver can verify that the data was transmitted through the Internet without being changed or altered in any way. Origin authentication—the receiver can authenticate the packets source, guaranteeing and certifying the source of the information. Anti-replay protection—Anti-replay protection verifies that each packet is unique, not duplicated. IPSec packets are protected by comparing the sequence number of the received packets and a sliding window on the destination host, or security gateway. Late and duplicate packets are dropped. v How IPSec works The goal of IPSec is to protect the desired data with the needed security services. IPSecs operation can be broken into five primary steps: Define interesting traffic—Traffic is deemed interesting when the VPN device recognizes that the traffic you want to send needs to be protected. IKE Phase 1—This basic set of security services protects all subsequent communications between the peers. IKE Phase 1 sets up a secure communications channel between peers. IKE Phase 2—IKE negotiates IPSec security association (SA) parameters and sets up matching IPSec SAs in the peers. These security parameters are used to protect data and messages exchanged between endpoints. Data transfer—Data is transferred between IPSec peers based on the IPSec parameters and keys stored in the SA database. IPSec tunnel termination—IPSec SAs terminate through deletion or by timing out. TASK 1(b) IPSecs advantage over TLS: It has more plasticity on choosing the Authentication mechanisms (like the Pre Shared Key), and therefore makes it hard for the attacker to do man in the middle.TLS is based only on Public key and with tools, its possible to do man in the Middle breaking TLS. Going one step down the OSI stack, IP Security (IPSec) guarantees the data privacy and integrity of IP packets, regardless of how the application used the sockets. This means any application, as long as it uses IP to send data, will benefit from the underlying secure IP network. Nothing has to be rewritten or modified; it even is possible that users wont be aware their data is being processed through encrypting devices. This solution is the most transparent one for end users and the one most likely to be adopted in the future in the widest range of situations. The main drawback of IPSsec lies in its intrinsic infrastructural complexity, which demands several components to work properly. IPSec deployment must be planned and carri ed out by network administrators, and it is less likely to be adopted directly by end users. TLSs advantage over IPSec: The advantage of TLS over generic application-level security mechanisms is the application no longer has the burden of encrypting user data. Using a special socket and API, the communication is secured. The problem with TLS is an application wishing to exploit its functionality must be written explicitly in order to do so (see Resources). Existing applications, which constitute the majority of data producers on the Internet, cannot take advantage of the encryption facilities provided by TLS without being rewritten. Think of the common applications we use everyday: mail clients, web browsers on sites without HTTPS, IRC channels, peer-to-peer file sharing systems and so on. Also, most network services (such as mail relays, DNS servers, routing protocols) currently run over plain sockets, exchanging vital information as clear text and only seldomly adopting application-level counter-measures (mostly integrity checks, such as MD5 sums).   IGMP IGMP is a protocol used by IP hosts, and adjacent multicast network devices to identify their memberships. If they are part of the same multicast group they communicate with each other. ICMP communicates 1 to 1.IGMP communicates 1 to many.   Establish Multicast group We describe a distributed architecture for managing multicast addresses in the global Internet. A multicast address space partitioning scheme is proposed, based on the Unicast host address and a per-host address management entity. By noting that port numbers are an integral part of end-to-end multicast addressing we present a single, unified solution to the two problems of dynamic multicast address management and port resolution. We then present a framework for the evaluation of multicast address management schemes, and use it to compare our design with three approaches, as well as a random allocation strategy. The criteria used for the evaluation are blocking probability and consistency, address acquisition delay, the load on address management entities, robustness against failures, and processing and communications overhead. With the distributed scheme the probability of blocking for address acquisition is reduced by several orders of magnitude, to insignificant levels, while consi stency is maintained. At the same time, the address acquisition delay is reduced to a minimum by serving the request within the host itself. It is also shown that the scheme generates much less control traffic, is more robust against failures, and puts much less load on address management entities as compared with the other three schemes. The random allocation strategy is shown to be attractive primarily due to its simplicity, although it does have several drawbacks stemming from its lack of consistency (addresses may be allocated more than once) The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool is used to enable routing on a Windows 2000 server that is multihomed (has more than one network card). Windows 2000 professional cannot be a router. The Routing and Remote Access administrative tool or the route command line utility can be used to con a static router and add a routing table. A routing table is required for static routing. Dynamic routing does not require a routing table since the table is built by software. Dynamic routing does require additional protocols to be installed on the computer. When using the Routing and Remote Access tool, the following information is entered: Interface Specify the network card that the route applies to which is where the packets will come from. Destination Specify the network address that the packets are going to such as 192.168.1.0. Network Mask The subnet mask of the destination network. Gateway The IP address of the network card on the network that is cond to forward the packets such as 192.168.1.1. Metric The number of routers that packets must pass through to reach the intended network. If there are more than 1, the Gateway address will not match the network address of the destination network.   Dynamic Routing Windows 2000 Server supports Network Address Translation (NAT) and DHCP relay agent. Three Windows 2000 supported Dynamic routing protocols are: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 for IP Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version 2 with router or proxy support. The Routing and Remote Access tool is used to install, con, and monitor these protocols and routing functions. After any of these dynamic routing protocols are installed, they must be cond to use one or more routing interfaces.   Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM): This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occasionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group.   The Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) architecture: maintains the traditional IP multicast service model of receiver-initiated membership; can be cond to adapt to different multicast group and network characteristics; is not dependent on a specific unicast routing protocol; uses soft-state mechanisms to adapt to underlying network conditions and group dynamics. The robustness, flexibility, and scaling properties of this architecture make it well suited to large heterogeneous inter-networks. This document describes an architecture for efficiently routing to multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain) internets. We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) because it is not dependent on any particular unicast routing protocol. The most significant innovation in this architecture is the efficient support of sparse, wide area groups. This sparse mode (SM) of operation complements the traditional { dense-mode} approach to multicast routing for campus networks, as developed by Deering [2][3] and implemented previously in MOSPF and DVMRP [4][5]. These traditional dense mode multicast schemes were intended for use within regions where a group is widely represented or bandwidth is universally plentiful. However, when group members, and senders to those group members, are distributed sparsely across a wide area, these schemes are not efficient; data packets (in the case of DVMRP) or membership report information (in the case of MOSPF) are occas ionally sent over many links that do not lead to receivers or senders, respectively. The purpose of this work is to develop a multicast routing architecture that efficiently establishes distribution trees even when some or all members are sparsely distributed. Efficiency is evaluated in terms of the state, control message, and data packet overhead required across the entire network in order to deliver data packets to the members of the group. A user of an internet- connected pc, Adam; send an email message to another internet connected pc user beryl. 1. Outlinethe function of four internet host that would normally be involved be involved in this task. . : 1. Adams Computer : :2. Server of Adams Internet Service Provider : : 3. Server of Beryls Internet Service Provider: :4. Beryls Computer : . This program allows you to build and deal with a large mailing list, and to create modified messages from predefined templates while sending. It lets you define multiple independent SMTP server connections and will utilize the latest in multithreading technology, to send emails to you as fast as it is possible. You can use all the standard message formats like plain text, HTML or even create a rich content message in the Microsoft Outlook Express and export it into the program. The interface of the program is very simple and easy to learn nearly all functions can be performed using hotkeys on the keyboard. E-mail is a growing source of an enterprises records and needs to be treated as any written memo, letter or report has been treated. The information in e-mail has the potential to add to the enterprises knowledge assets, from interactions with the users or customers in the enterprise to interactions with colleagues overseas. 2. List the internet protocol which would be used in this task. Internet Protocol (IP) is packet-based protocol that allows dissimilar hosts to connect to each other for the purpose of delivering data across the resulting networks. Applications combine IP with a higher- level protocol called Transport Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source. IP by itself is something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but theres no direct link between you and the recipient. . : 1. HTTP : :2. IMAP(Version 4): : 3.SMTP : :4.POP (Version 3) : .   HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. HTTP/1.0, as defined by RFC 1945 [6], improved the protocol by allowing messages to be in the format of MIME-like messages, containing meta information about the data transferred and modifiers on the request/response semantics.   IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) A mail protocol that provides management of received messages on a remote server. The user can review headers, create or delete folders/mailboxes and messages, and search contents remotely without downloading. It includes more functions than the similar POP protocol.   POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check your mail-box on the server and download any mail, probably using POP3. This standard protocol is built into most popular e-mail products, such as Eudora and Outlook Express. Its also built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers. POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it. However, some implementations allow users or an administrator to specify that mail be saved for some period of time. POP can be thought of as a store-and-forward service.   SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server. In other words, users typically use a program that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or IMAP for receiving e-mail. On Unix-based systems, send mail is the most widely-used SMTP server for e-mail. A commercial package, Send mail, includes a POP3 server. Microsoft Exchange includes an SMTP server and can also be set up to include POP3 support. SMTP usually is implemented to operate over Internet port 25. An alternative to SMTP that is widely used in Europe is X.400. Many mail servers now support Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP), which allows multimedia files to be delivered as e-mail. 3. Taking the case that the message include the text please find attached abstract and 1. as well as in MS-Word format and an attachment in jpeg, list format of the send mail messages. .. : 1. MIME : ..   MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the original Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange different kinds of data files on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs, and other kinds, as well as the ASCII text handled in the original protocol, the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). In 1991, Nathan Borenstein of Bellcore proposed to the IETF that SMTP be extended so that Internet (but mainly Web) clients and servers could recognize and handle other kinds of data than ASCII text. As a result, new file types were added to mail as a supported Internet Protocol file type. Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of any Web transmission. Clients use this header to select an appropriate player application for the type of data the header indicates. Some of these players are built into the Web client or browser (for example, all browsers come with GIF and JPEG image players as well as the ability to handle HTML files). 4. How would received message differ the sent messages? The email address that receives messages sent from users who click  ¿Ã‚ ½reply ¿Ã‚ ½ in their email clients. Can differ from the  ¿Ã‚ ½from ¿Ã‚ ½address which can be an automated or unmonitored email address used only to send messages to a distribution list.  ¿Ã‚ ½Reply-to ¿Ã‚ ½ should always be a monitored address.   IPv4: Internet Protocol (Version 4) The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol in the OSI model that contains addressing information and some control information to enable packets being routed in network. IP is the primary network-layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Along with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), IP represents the heart of the Internet protocols. IP is equally well suited for both LAN and WAN communications. IP (Internet Protocol) has two primary responsibilities: providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of datagrams through a network; and providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to support data links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU) sizes. The IP addressing scheme is integral to the process of routing IP datagrams through an internetwork. Each IP address has specific components and follows a basic format. These IP addresses can be subdivided and used to create addresses for sub networks. Each computer (known as host) on a TCP/IP network is assigned a unique logical address (32-bit in IPv4) that is divided into two main parts: the network number and the host number. The network number identifies a network and must be assigned by the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) if the network is to be part of the Internet. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) can obtain blocks of network addresses from the InterNIC and can itself assign address space as nece ssary. The host number identifies a host on a network and is assigned by the local network administrator.   IPv6 (IPng): Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 is the new version of Internet Protocol (IP) based on IPv4, a network-layer (Layer 3) protocol that contains addressing information and some control information enabling packets to be routed in the network. There are two basic IP versions: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 is also called next generation IP or IPng. IPv4 and IPv6 are de-multiplexed at the media layer. For example, IPv6 packets are carried over Ethernet with the content type 86DD (hexadecimal) instead of IPv4s 0800. The IPv4 is described in separate documents. IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, to support more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater number of addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of addresses. IPv6 addresses are expressed in hexadecimal format (base 16) which allows not only numerals (0-9) but a few characters as well (a-f). A sample ipv6 address looks like: 3ffe: ffff: 100:f101:210:a4ff:fee3:9566. Scalability of multicast addresses is introduced. A new type of address called an any cast address is also defined, to send a packet to any one of a group of nodes. Two major improvements in IPv6 vs. v4: * Improved support for extensions and options IPv6 options are placed in separate headers that are located between the IPv6 header and the transport layer header. Changes in the way IP header options are encoded to allow more efficient forwarding, less stringent limits on the length of options, and greater flexibility for introducing new options in the future.  · Flow labeling capability A new capability has been added to enable the labeling of packets belonging to particular traffic flows for which the sender requests special handling, such as non-default Quality of Service or real-time service.   Comparison between IPv6 with IPv4 Data structure of IPv6 has modified as follows: Header length field found in IPv4 is removed in IPv6. Type of Service field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Priority field in IPv6. Time to live field found in IPv4 has been replaced with Hop Limit in IPv6. Total Length field has been replaced with Payload Length field Protocol field has been replaced with Next Header field Source Address and Destination Address has been increased from 32-bits to 128-bits.   Major Similarities IPv6 with IPv4 Both protocols provide loopback addresses. IPv6 multicast achieves the same purpose that IPv4 broadcast does. Both allow the user to determine datagram size, and the maximum number of hops before termination. Both provide connectionless delivery service (datagrams routed independently). Both are best effort datagram delivery services.   Major Differences between IPv6 with IPv4 IPv6 host to IPv6 host routing via IPv4 network: Here, IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling is required to send a datagram. IPv6 packets are encapsulated within IPv4 packets, allowing travel over IPv4 routing infrastructures to reach an IPv6 host on the other side of the .IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel. The two different types of tunneling are automatic and cond. For a cond tunnel, the IPv6 to IPv4 mappings, at tunnel endpoints, have to be manually specified. Automatic tunneling eases tunneling, but nullifies the advantages of using the 128-bit address space. IPv6 host to IPv4 host and vice versa: The device that converts IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets (a dual IP stack/ dual stack router) allows a host to access both IPv4 and IPv6 resources for communication. A dual IP stack routes as well as converts between IPv4 and IPv6 datagrams ICMP: IPv6 enhances ICMP with ICMPv6. The messages are grouped as informational and error. An ICMPv6 message can contain much more information. The rules for message handling are stricter. ICMPv6 uses the Neighbor Discovery Protocol. New messages have been added also. Absence of ARP RARP:

Global Warming Essay -- Environment Global Warming Climate Change

Global Warming For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has spawned heated debate among the world’s brightest minds. Its causes and effects, if either actually exists, have been hotly debated. The most popular hypothesis is called the greenhouse effect with the agreed upon cause being green house gasses. These gasses are all naturally occurring and include water vapor, methane, oxygen, and the now infamous carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gasses exist in the atmosphere and have an effect on our global weather. They trap radiated heat and prevent it from exiting our atmosphere. This supposedly increases global temperatures and is, or will, cause melting of the polar ice caps. This in turn is expected to raise sea level and cause global coastal flooding. A brief geology lesson The world we live on is at least 4.6 billion years old. In that time span it has undergone immense changes. At one time most of the land surface was connected. The continents separated and migrated to their present positions. The force behind this is called plate tectonics. The sea floor is still spreading today and is the driving force for all of the earthquakes and volcanic activity that we experience today. Convection currents created by the tremendous heat and pressure of the inner core move the plates. This core is undergoing massive thermonuclear reactions. The heat produced migrates outward and the currents it produces move the plates. This process also releases enormous amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapor. This has been taking place since the Earth was formed. We know from geologic record that there have been numerous greenhouse and icehouse ages. The question is, is the greenhouse state caused by greenhouse gasses? Probably not, at least not entirely. There are several other factors involved - the most significant being the Milankovitch cycles. These are three cycles that describe the motion of the Earth through space. The first involves the Earth’s orbit around the sun. The orbit is not perfectly round, but elliptical. This means that at one point the Earth is closer to the sun than at other times. This cycle takes about 100,000 years to complete. The second cycle involves the tilt of the Earth’s axis. The Earth’s axis is currently tilted about 23.5 degrees. But this tilt is not constant. Throughout a period of about 40,000 years the tilt changes a f... ...een showing a downward trend since their peak in 1940. Satellite readings continue to show a decrease in temperature. They recorded 1997 as the coolest year since this technology has been implemented. This imagery was also accurate enough to predict â€Å"that â€Å"La Nina† would predominate in 1998, lowering global temperatures significantly"2. That same year Moscow recorded its coldest December in a century3. Conclusion This great world of ours has been around for a long time – at least 4.6 billion years. During that time untold and unimaginable changes have taken place. Countless icehouse and greenhouse ages have come and gone. Continents have been created, destroyed, and migrated over and over again. Thousands, perhaps millions, of species have come and gone. All this, and more, without any influence from man. In geologic terms we have been on this Earth for a very, very short time. The Earth evolves on a time scale that we cannot comprehend. It has developed a balance, a system of checks and balances, which we have little or no control over. To think that we can alter a global climate that has been 4.6 billion years in the making merely shows just how much we have yet to learn.

Management Accounting Essay -- Management

Finances Future: Challenge or threat?-Management Accounting Missing Article This article is a bout the changing demands of the business world and the impact it will have on management accounting. According to this article the business role that management accountants play will be significantly different in the future. While this change is inevitable it is unclear how many of today's accountants will be able or willing to adjust to the change and conform to what is being called "New Accounting." Accountants in the future will have to play a much larger role in their organization. Becoming a change agent, someone who can help accelerate change in an organization. This is a problem for most accountants who are used to doing the same job year after year with little to no change. Since the introduction of the computer management has recognized that the PC can perform in much less time many of the tedious number crunching activities accountants spend hours doing. As a result of this accountants are being asked to do more and become analytical and proactive, looking into the future and joining with management in making and taking responsibility for all those tough decisions. Management expects the accounting department in addition to its role processing transactions to serve as the central information hub and purveyor of all sorts of data stored on the computers. Accountants doing the same time that all these changes were happening due to PC were also facing change due to the new idea of "reengineering." This is the idea of going beyond seeking efficiencies and asking is this business process really necessary?. And if it is how can it be designed to better serve the business. If a task is unnecessary then the people who perfor... ... constant as learning should be in order to stay competitive. With the introduction of the PC accountants need to step up and prove that their role is still necessary focusing not only on balancing the books but serving as a center of information for the organization. In the future I think that this is what management accounting will be all about. Crunching number is a job better left up to the computer systems. By integrating all the functions of the finance department, finance becomes a chief driver of the decision making process. Accountants in the future must be able to adapt to change, take risks, and do more thinking and analyzing than number crunching and reporting. The new role of management accountants as the data keeper for the entire organization makes them the backbone of today's organizations which is a far larger job than balancing the books on time.

Romulus My Father Belonging Essay

What particular insight into an understanding of belonging have you gained from Raimond Gaita’s representation of his father’s life in Romulus my Father in the early chapters of the memoir, and how his choice of language, style, voice and the use of the memoir influenced your response to his story so far In the early chapters of the memoir Gaita gives us images and ideas that he himself acquired from his father, for example ‘Though the landscape is one of rare beauty, to the English or European eye it seems desolate and even after 14 years my facer could not become reconciled to it’ is a quote said early on in the book describing Romulus’ disdain for the Australian landscape which Raimond originally also shared until his enlightenment. Romulus does not feel like he can belong in Australia early in the chapter because he still has the images of the lush, green European landscape in his mind and this leads to a sense of not belonging because he hungers for his homeland. The idea that the landscape shapes your identity and sense of belonging is something that Gaita reinforces. Another insight into belonging that Raimond tries to convey is that people gravitate to those who share similar values/language to them. Romulus is a migrant and feels lost in this country but he then finds other Romanian people and bonds with them.The house at frogmore which was isolated helped shape Gaita’s sense of belonging because he felt safe and free there, this is another example of the place where you grew up shaping your sense of belonging. Time and time again Gaita reinforces the idea that his father was a hero and someone who should be admired. This devotion and love for his father is seen throughout the memoir and we are told anecdotes explaining how Romulus made the hard decisions and tried to raise his son as a good person even going so far to beat him to reinforce these ideals such as lying is bad, respect your parents and not to steal . The repetition of this admiration is used to show the bond between a father and his child.The depression motif gives another insight into how hard it is to acquire a sense of belonging. Many characters in the memoir have depression and this is to emphasis the feeling of loneliness, desolation and non-belonging because of the migrant experience and even Romulus himself goes through states of madness during his life because of the migrant experience. Acceptance by all people is something that people must have to belong or else the sadness/loneliness may drive them to madness also. Christina is an example of this because she has no sense of belonging, travels a lot and has a lot of lovers. Gaita never says she is a bad mother even because of these things, he only reminds us she that she has problems and it is not her fault.Her attempted suicide story is used to make us feel sorry for her and pity because she has never been able to connect with anything, ‘alone, small, frailâ₠¬ ¦forsaken†, this accumulation of adjectives gives us a more descriptive picture of what was happening and how she felt. The narrative is in first person narrative and gives us a firsthand experience in what had happened. The memoir seems more real to us because it is real and therefore we can relate to it better and use it to better our lives. Though his language is more matter of fact at the beginning of the memoir, his eventual ascendance changes his language style so much that is clear that is a wiser and smarter Raimond speaking now. This higher intelligence lets us communicate with him better and so we can fully grasp what he is trying to tell us about belonging and how it is to get that true sense of belonging.